Bad marketing, bad budgeting, and bad customer service can lead to the Research Paper

Bad marketing, bad budgeting, and bad customer service can lead to the failure of a business - Research Paper Example (Mercer, David. 1996; Shim, Jae. K, Siegel, Joel.G, Shim, Allison.I. 2011) A good and healthy business needs a perfect alignment and coordination of these components in order to be profitable. Organization can not exist without its market; all its strategies are based on winning the market. Marketing focuses and revolves around customer’s needs and demands. To any organization customer- i.e. the consumers of its product are everything. They are revenue generating and are the reason for which the organization exists. Marketing emphasizes on a long term perspective of building strong and long term relationships with the customers. The aims of marketing is to reduce down the dissatisfied customers, identify reasons for their dissatisfaction and work on strategies and products that fulfill their demand and needs, keep them satisfied and brings customer loyalty as increased customers lead to increased revenues and profitability. (Mercer, David. 1996) Market research and advertisement are important aspects of marketing. Market research helps the organization to gain an understanding about the environment it operates in and gives an in-depth knowledge about the opportunities and risks which helps the organization in formulating its future strategies for success. Advertisement and promotion on the other hand are other tools to develop or increase brand recognition and increase market share. Other strategies of marketing like after sales services, promotional offers etc. are all ways to win customers for growing revenues and profitability. (Mercer, David. 1996) Budgeting is a tool and technique used for systematic and productive management. Budgeting allocate funds and set targets to achieve a desired outcome. Budgets are created after determining the over all strategies of the company, then these strategies are translated into long tem and short term goals and objectives which provides the basis of budgeting and allocating resources.

Mandatory National Service Debate in the US

Mandatory National Service Debate in the US Many countries require all young adults to serve two or more years in the military as a way of providing security to their country and as a rite of passage as a citizen. The United States however does not. The closest thing to mandatory service is selective service, and until recently that only applied to male citizens age 18-25. The idea of mandatory service has gained momentum in the last few years and many lawmakers have proposed that the United States adopt this policy. Some are opposed to the idea of mandatory military service, and I agree deciding to risk your life in the defense of your country should be a personal choice, not an obligation. However, the Peace Corps, AmeriCorps, Habitat for Humanity, and Teach for America are all programs that supports our country, develops unity, and teaches young adults valuable work skills. The pre-amble to the constitution talks about the responsibility we have as citizens to establish justice, provide for common defense, and promote gener al welfare, and We the People means everyone equally. Most will agree that democracy only works when citizens are involved and unified with a common purpose. John F. Kennedy once said, ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country (Kennedy). Unity starts with equality and equality starts with mandatory national service. It is a simple idea; one or two years of national service should become a countrywide requirement for all young adults as way to build unity, develop a sense of identity and provide a valuable service to their community. Most people can agree that America is more divided than ever; we lack unity and commitment to our democracy. The only way we can effectively unify and regain our sense of community is through mandatory national service. Wars unfortunately bind people together, build a sense of community and provides a common purpose, Veterans of any war share a common experience, the intensity of which creates strong and enduring relationships (Grigsby). However, war is not what binds these people together, it is the sense of service to their nation, community, each other and the greater good. Much like the military, programs like the Peace Corp and AmeriCorps show signs of creating loyalty and unity among participants. These programs bring together people of different races and backgrounds to solve complex problems that face their communities and if not for this program, their paths may have never crossed, Service creates an opportunity to work on problems of public concern and participate in the lives of others whose paths one might otherwise never cross in a structured and supportive environment (Frumkin and Miller). In addition, it garners respect and empathy for others, Some evidence exists to suggest that full-time AmeriCorps members acquire valuable civic attributes, such as cultivating respect for others (Reingold and Lenkowsky). Many great people have said, there is no greater honor than service to your country, and commitment to a cause greater than yourself. Some argue that Americans should not have to earn their citizenship through mandatory service and is a violates their freedoms or a form of slavery; even if they choose how they serve. Many leverage the 13th amendment in opposition to mandatory national service, which states, Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted shall exist in the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction (Pauwels).ÂÂ   I agree that our constitution affords us this right, and many other rights; the right to free speech, freedom of religion and the right to pursue life, liberty, and happiness. However, I feel that with these rights comes responsibility. The responsibility of all citizens to support and defend our constitution, be active in our communities and be involved in the democratic process. Today two things represent citizenship in America, voting and paying taxes. A government of the people, for the peopl e and by the people certainly implies more commitment. Others believe that mandatory service delays education and work opportunities. However, I contend that national service provides both. Many of the programs available provide current volunteers with opportunities to learn valuable life and work skills that will only enhance their education and growth, One benefit of national service it thus thought to reside in its ability to open up the minds of young people to the full range of life choices available to them. While they may think, they are working for others, they may end up learning about themselves (Frumkin and Miller). There is no greater life experience than witnessing and understanding the struggle of others. Regardless of our position on mandatory national service, I think we can agree that it is vital to maintaining unity, equality, and our democracy. Mandatory national service ensures We the People are involved in protecting the freedoms we enjoy as Americans. In addition, the life skills, and the opportunity for young people to see issues from a different perspective only enhances the long-term education of our youth. I will agree, there are some issues with mandated national service, like mandated military service. As I stated before, the decision to risk your life for your country should be a choice one makes, not an obligation. However, believe that all Americans should be required to serve at least one or two years in other programs that support our country and protects our democracy. References Frumkin, Peter and Brendan Miller. Visions of National Service. Society 45.5 (2008): 436-443. ProQuest. Web. 20 Dec 2016. Frumkin and Miller discuss how national service has alternatively been a way to promote an active and engaged citizenship, accelerate personal growth, social capital and meet critical social needs. Grigsby, Carol A. Binding the Nation: National Service in America. Parameters 38.4 (2008): 109-123. ProQuest. Web. 14 Dec 2016. Grigsby discusses how soldiers have a connection to each other because of war, a life-long bond because they have seen and experienced the same thing. Kennedy, John F. Inagrual Address. 1961. Web. 22 Dec 2016. . Kennedys inaugural address discusses issues that face all Americans regardless of party, and how we only succeed if we work together. Pauwels, Andrew M. Mandatory National Service: Creating Generations of Civic Minded Citizens. Notre Dame Law Review 88.5 (2013). ProQuest. Web. 20 Dec 2016. Pauwels discusses the legality of mandatory service and articles of the constitution that specifically address involuntary servitude. Reingold, David A. and Leslie Lenkowsky. The Future of National Service. Public Administration Review 70.S1 (2010): S114-S121. ProQuest. Web. 20 Dec 2016. Reingold discusses the pros and cons of national service and leverages several studies to show the benefits and issues with AmeriCorps.

Accessorize Your Casual Look Essay -- tone, comfortable, rules, shape

For many women casual fashion is a case of not knowing where to start. The proper sorts of foundation items to create your own signature look can be difficult to pick out. Luckily, getting started is not too difficult, no matter your level of fashion knowledge. The first, best and only hard rule of causal fashion is to start big and work to small. This philosophy means you start with the largest items worn, your clothing. Work up to the accessories like shoes and bags. Finishing details like jewelry and makeup are the small items. They are added last and should not be the centerpiece of the outfit. Begin by taking a look at your skin tone and hair color. Are you warm or cool? An easy test is the gold or silver check. If gold suits you, you are warm. If silver suits you, you are cool. This is true no matter how dark or light skinned you are. Cool toned people will look best in silvers, blues, grays, pastels, off-white, purples and spring greens and earth tones. They are the colors of nature in spring and winter. Warm toned people carry off reds, true whites, yellows and oranges, g...

Discrimination Against LGBT Essay

To millions of Americans, the right to equality is being violated because of their sexual orientation. Federal and state Constitutional amendments that define marriage as between a man and a woman deny gay Americans these rights. These rights were/are violated when certain states ban gay marriage by law, when opposing gay marriage is based on religious views, and when pursuit of happiness is taken away from a gay american. The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution both give Americans the rights of Equal Protection Under Law, Freedom of Religion, and the Pursuit of Happiness. People who are LGBT are not getting treated equally and are even being discriminated in some cases. The fourteenth amendments states that there should be Equal Protection under the law. It protects individuals from arbitrary discrimination by government officials. In the map of the U.S. which showed which states allow gay marriage, only twenty one states allow some form of domestic partnership (â€Å" Current Status†) and the rest of the states ban gay equality. As a country, equality is banned by law. The democratic ideal of equality was violated in this case. In the first amendment, it states that there should be freedom of religion, which includes freedom from religion. This is the separation of church and state. In an interview with president Obama, it said in 2004, Obama cited his own views saying that christian marriage was between a man and a woman (â€Å"President†). This shows that sometimes opposition to gay marriage is based on religious groups’ agendas. In the first amendment, the establishment clause says that government cannot favor one religion over another. They should not make laws that ban gay marriage just because of one religion. In the declaration of independence, it says that pursuit of happiness an unalienable right that the people have. The pursuit of happiness means â€Å"The right to pursue any lawful business or vocation, in any manner not inconsistent with the equal rights of others, which may increase their prosperity or develop their faculties, so as to give them their highest enjoyment.† In some cases, if some one was found to be gay, they would often lose their job or lose friends, and they might not be treated the same way as they used to (The Associated Press). In 2001, Dennis and Judy Shepherd were denied the right to the pursuit of happiness because their son, Matthew was stolen in an act of violence because he was gay (â€Å"Obama†). It was pretty hard for Matthew’s parents after such a big loss. The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution both gives Americans the rights of Equal Protection Under Law, Freedom of Religion, and the Pursuit of Happiness. In these three cases people who are LGBT are not getting treated equally and are being discriminated. All people should be treated equally and should be able to get married.

Falling in Love

Falling in Love â€Å"Hey, hellooo, man what is wrong with you? You have been acting strange lately and I think it has something to do with you falling in love. † Nicole said. â€Å"Yea, falling in love has some weird effects on me. † Kendall responded. The two girls continue to chatter about the effects of falling in love. Falling in love can have a variety of devastating and enjoyable effects such as always have a companion, getting a major increase in self-esteem, and last but no least losing focus in school and schoolwork.One of the most serene effects of falling in love is always having a companion. My friend Kendall used to feel lonely all of the time. You see she was the only one in our clique that had yet to experience falling in love with someone. All of that changed the day she fell in love with her now permant lover. Now Kendall never feels lonely. For example, every single day Kendall’s lover stops by her house just to spend a little time with her. Ke ndall is now in love and not a single day goes by that Kendal even thinks about being lonely.When I finally fall in love I hope to be like Kendall and have a great effect of falling in love like having a companion. â€Å"Man, do you know that I got a D- in Mr. Merjetski’s class? I went and asked him about it and he told me that if I wasn’t so busy falling in love with you and got busy with my schoolwork that I could’ve and would’ve done better. † Falling in love at times can have a negative effect such as losing focus in school and your schoolwork. A few of my friends are in love and their schoolwork is starting to become affected.They spend most of their class time focusing on their lovers instead of their schoolwork. Statistics show that when a high school teenager is in love that their grades in school seem to drop. Falling in love takes a lot of focus and most teens lose focus in school just to focus on falling in love. Self-esteem is self-resp ect. The dictionary defines self-esteem as confidence in your own merit as an individual person. Falling in love can have a very optimistic effect like getting a major increase in self-esteem.Most of my friends that are falling in love or have fallen in love are now more confident in themselves. For example, Rachael had very little to none self-esteem. When she fell in love with her current lover he complimented her everyday for different stuff. He complimented her hair, style, and one time he even complimented the color of the nail polish she had on. After receiving all those compliments Rachael’s confidence of herself slowly but surely began to buildup. Like most of my friends after falling in love my confidence too began to intensify.Falling in love can be an incredible experience with excellent effects like getting a boost of self-esteem, and having a companion. With every good there comes a bad. Falling in love can have some unpleasant effects such as losing focus on sch ool and schoolwork. These are the three effects that my friends have experience in falling in love. So my advice to you is to fall in love, and experience it just as my friends have. Even though falling in love has its ups and downs it is still worth a shot.

Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1951 to 1959

Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1951 to 1959 This  civil rights movement  timeline chronicles the fight for racial equality in its early days, the  1950s. That decade saw the first major victories for civil rights in the Supreme Court as well as the development of nonviolent protests and the transformation of Dr. Martin Luther King  Jr. into the movements preeminent leader. 1950 The U.S. Supreme Court strikes down the segregation of African Americans in graduate and law schools. The initial case was fought by Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. Marshall used this win to begin building a strategy to fight the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine established in 1896.   1951 Linda Brown, an 8-year-old girl in Topeka, Kan., lives within walking distance of a whites-only elementary school. Because of segregation, she has to travel by bus to a more distant school for African American children. Her father sues the school board of Topeka, and the U.S. Supreme Court agrees to hear the case. 1953 The Highlander Folk School in Monteagle, Tenn., which runs workshops on organizing protests for individuals such as union organizers, issues invitations to civil rights workers. 1954 The Supreme Court decides Brown v. Board of Education on May 17, arguing that separate but equal schools are inherently unequal. The decision legally prohibits school segregation, declaring it unconstitutional. 1955 Rosa Parks attends a workshop for civil rights organizers at the Highlander Folk School in July.On Aug. 28, Emmett Till, a 14-year-old African American boy from Chicago, is killed near Money, Miss., for allegedly whistling at a white woman.In November, the Federal Interstate Commerce Commission forbids segregation on interstate buses and trains.On Dec. 1, Rosa Parks refuses to give her seat to a white passenger on a bus in Montgomery, Ala., sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott.On Dec. 5, the Montgomery Improvement Association is established by a group of local Baptist ministers. The organization elects the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.,  pastor of Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, president. In this role, King would lead the boycott. 1956 In January and February, whites angry about the Montgomery Bus Boycott bomb four African American churches and the homes of civil rights leaders King, Ralph Abernathy, and E.D. Nixon.On court order, the University of Alabama admits its first African American student, Autherine Lucy, but finds legal ways to prevent her attendance.On Nov. 13, the Supreme Court upholds an Alabama district court ruling in favor of the Montgomery bus boycotters.The Montgomery Bus Boycott ends in December, having successfully integrated Montgomerys buses. 1957 King, along with Ralph Abernathy and other Baptist ministers, helps found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in January. The organization serves to fight for civil rights, and King is elected its first president.The governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus, obstructs the integration of Little Rock High School, using the National Guard to block the entry of nine students. President Eisenhower orders federal troops to integrate the school.Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1957, which creates the Civil Rights Commission and authorizes the Justice Department to investigate cases of African Americans being denied voting rights in the South. 1958 The Supreme Court decision Cooper v. Aaron rules that a threat of mob violence is not reason enough to delay school desegregation. 1959 Martin Luther King and his wife, Coretta Scott King, visit India, the homeland of Mahatma Gandhi, who won independence for India through nonviolent tactics. King discusses the philosophy of nonviolence with Gandhis followers. Updated by Femi Lewis.

Tips, Tricks, and Advice on How to Survive College

Tips, Tricks, and Advice on How to Survive College Here are some tips, tricks, and solutions to common issues every new student faces on how to survive college and make it the ultimate experience of your life! Why Skipping Class Is Easy to Do and Even Easier to not do! Everyone does it. Some for great reasons, some for easy reasons, and some just because they never wanted to go in the first place. How to survive college starts with these tips for skipping and not skipping class: Pick classes you enjoy Find classes that make you want to attend, whether it is because you find the subject interesting, the professor inspiring, or because you like learning something new and different. Selecting classes that engage your intellect and curiosity is a great way to avoid the trap of skipping class. Think about what effect missing the class will have While being able to skip class is a huge perk of going to college, there is something most people forget when they do so. Every class you miss is money spent and wasted. Paying a college to not go to class is a waste of money. With student loans these days, you’ll be paying for laziness for decades to come. Engage your professor/involve yourself in lectures and discussions The best way to enjoy a class is to engage in the discussions and learn to process and critique the opinions of others in a well thought out and intelligent way. The more you talk and ask questions, the more familiar you become with the subject matter and the more likely you are to want to continue learning, growing, and expressing your opinions to others who can provide feedback and alternative viewpoints Dont worry about doing it Everyone needs personal time. There’s nothing wrong with taking the mental health day you need to make sure that you can stick through the next four years. How to survive college starts with these little time management steps to keep you focused on the ultimate task at hand finishing college and creating a bright future for yourself! Balancing Everything That Is Going on Around You on Your Own A lot of people wonder about how to survive college with everything else that they have going on in their life (work/personal relationships/family/hobbies). How is it possible to manage your time in a way that keeps you motivated and doesnt burn you out before you have even had a chance to get started? Check out our top time management advice for how to survive college by learning to manage time effectively and in a way that gives you optimum productivity and a stress-free college experience: #1 Make a schedule and put it somewhere you see every day. You can purchase large calendars from most on-campus/home office supply stores. Take 5 or 10 minutes each day and evening to look through and familiarize and prepare yourself for the events of the day. This will allow you to better remember your commitments and obligations and keep your from overbooking yourself. #2 Keep lists of what you need to accomplish no matter how large or small. Many professional organizers claim that making lists is essential to accomplishing your goals. If you dont know what to put on your list, start with simple things and let the ball start rolling from there. Make your bed? Check! Brush your teeth? Check! Finish that paper? Check! Talk to your advisor? Check! #3 Dont over commit. Feeling like you can handle anything and everything that you get invited to do is a sure way to overwork yourself and makes it easier to just give up on everything. It is important to figure out where your optimum level of productivity and commitment intersect and make decisions on how you use your time based on that. Finding Your Place Let’s say you learn to go to class and manage your time better but for some reason, it still feels like you are having trouble keeping your head above water. Common reasons for this include: Not being able to connect with people Not understanding coursework Having too much work and not enough time Needing money Fear of teachers and professors Follow the advice below to get yourself mentally and physically prepared to handle the life-altering experience college can provide: Dont be afraid to speak up If there is something you need, be it money, food, advice, extra time to complete an assignment, changing your major, etc, you need to say something about it. Not doing so only keeps you trapped in the dull and the borning and is in no way conducive to helping you have the ultimate college experience. Engage your environment College campuses have so many activities, programs, social events, and resources to help you get everything you need to feel safe, secure, and feeling like a successful student. Talk to your advisors, use the library, sign up for events to keep your mind and body active. Dont sit around and let all the amazing opportunities around pass you by! Introduce yourself to every single person you meet Never be afraid to say hello to someone. Opportunities for anything are always around on a college campus and the more people you talk to the more likely it is that you’ll have the opportunity to try new and different things. This is one of the best ways to grow a network of friends and contacts that could help you further your career and relationship goals. Try new hobbies Book clubs, fraternities, sororities, social justice clubs, and more all exist in college. If you aren’t sure what to sign up for then just pick something at random. Maybe you like it and maybe you dont. The point is that you wont know until you try and once you do you will have a better idea and understanding of what it is that you actually want to be doing. Find new ways of entertaining yourself While partying is a huge part of campus culture, you can be sure of one thing, it gets old fast! Especially if it’s all you are doing. Check out parks and outdoor activities, take a day trip to a city or town nearby, or sign up for an activity that isnt related to going to college. In this way, you will have something other than standard party conversation to talk about with the people you meet and you will avoid the â€Å"burn out† often felt by those whose entire college life consists of one or two activities. Eat well Dont live off of junk food. It is bad for the body and mind. Poor diet comes with its own side effects that could make you miss school, lack the energy needed to focus, and be more costly than learning to cook a simple healthy meal. While this list isn’t comprehensive, it is a great start how to survive college and achieve the ultimate college experience you are looking for. Everyone’s experience is unique and it is up to you to learn how to survive college in a way that works best for you!

Alma College Admissions - ACT Scores, Financial Aid...

Alma College Admissions - ACT Scores, Financial Aid... Students applying to Alma do not need to worry about submitting letters of recommendation or an application fee. The schools acceptance rate was 68% in 2016; with good grades and decent test scores, students have a good chance of getting in. Of course, any extracurricular activities, job experiences, and honors courses are also helpful. Interested applicants are encouraged to visit the school and meet with an admissions counselor. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): Alma College Acceptance Rate: 68 percentGPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Alma AdmissionsTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 420  / 590SAT Math: 460  / 593What these SAT numbers meanCompare top Michigan colleges SAT scoresACT Composite: 21 / 26ACT English: 21  / 26ACT Math: 21 / 26What these ACT numbers meanCompare top Michigan colleges ACT scores Alma College Description: Alma College is a private, Presbyterian  liberal arts college  located in Alma, Michigan, about an hour north of Lansing. Alma prides itself on the personal attention its students receive. With no graduate students (and thus no graduate instructors), a 12 to 1 student / faculty ratio, and an average class size of 19, students at Alma have a lot of interaction with their professors. For its strengths in the liberal arts and sciences, Alma College was awarded a chapter of  Phi Beta Kappa. The college also embraces its Scottish heritage, evidenced by its kilt-wearing marching band and annual Scottish games. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 1,451  (all undergraduate)Gender Breakdown: 42  percent male / 58 percent female95  percent full-time Costs (2016- 17): Tuition and Fees: $37,310Books: $800 (why so much?)Room and Board: $10,238Other Expenses: $2,265Total Cost: $50,613 Alma College Financial Aid (2015- 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 100 percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 100 percentLoans: 95 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $26,926Loans: $8,555 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Biology, Business Administration, Communication Studies, Elementary Education, English, Health Professions, Music, PsychologyWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Retention and Graduation Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 67 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 56 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 67 percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Football, Track and Field, Tennis, Wrestling, Lacrosse, Soccer, Golf, Baseball, Basketball, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Bowling, Basketball, Swimming, Tennis, Track and Field, Volleyball, Softball, Cross Country Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics Alma College Mission Statement: mission statement from alma.edu/about/mission Alma College’s mission is to prepare graduates who think critically, serve generously, lead purposefully, and live responsibly as stewards of the world they bequeath to future generations.

Legal Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Legal Method - Essay Example Under Section 5(1) of the RTA 1988 it would be an offence to drive a motor vehicle on a road after consuming alcohol and producing a breathe test containing 35 mcg of alcohol and above. Under Section 5(1), the Secretary of State has permitted the Lion Intoximeter 3000 to be used as evidence against driving under the influence of alcohol. Under Section 69 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, any evidence that is provided by the Computer would not be accepted as evidence unless there is no reasonable ground that the statement was inaccurate due to improper use or functioning, and that the computer was operated properly. Ms. Tick was driving erratically on 21 May 1993 and was taken to the Sun Hill Police Station and provided a breathe test using the Lion device. The time the test was done was about 00:13 am but was given as 11:00 pm on the computer printout. Both the samples given by Ms. Tick exceeded 78 mcg of alcohol, above the permitted limit of 35 mcg, and Ms. Tick was char ged under Section 5(1). The inaccuracy in time was noted and Srgt Cryer was called to testify in court. It was found that the reading or functioning of the Intoximeter was not affected by the functioning of the clock and both were independent. Dr. ... After taking into consideration by Dr. Know and Srgt Cryer, there was nothing that could displace the printout evidence. Since the clock and the breathe analysis mechanisms lay in the same box, it could be said that since there was an error with the time, there could be an error with alcohol analysis, and this was even the intention of the legislation. However, the evidences that were available against Ms. Tick were admissible to convict her. 2. Explain, in your own words, the legal issue(s) in the case. Here the legal question being asked was whether the evidence presented by the Lion Intoximeter breathe analysis was permissible under section 69(1) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. It is important to take into consideration the other evidences that were available including that of Srgt Cryer, the constable and Dr Know regarding Ms. Tick use of alcohol above the permissible limit whilst driving and also the error committed by the machine. Here the question was being asked regarding the admissibility and validity of a computer statement as evidence. Under section 69 a computer device must be functioning properly and if there is any evidence that the device was not functioning properly, it cannot be taken as evidence in criminal cases. If a computer is malfunctioning, the same should not be relevant and should not affect the generation of the evidence. From evidences presented, it was clearly shown that the functioning of the clock was independent of the results of the breathe analysis obtained. However, since the clock and the alcohol analysis components were in the same box, there were some doubts. However, Judge Hoffmann took into consideration that the information of time supplied by the clock had not effect on the generation and processing of the

Japans Expansionism in Asia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Japans Expansionism in Asia - Research Paper Example Poring over Japan’s adversarial history in the late 19th and first half of the 20th century it is easily discernible that the sole incentive for the nation’s aggressive expansionism policy was its unquenchable thirst for natural resources. Japan’s seemingly interminable drive to conquer Asian colonies was clearly spurred by its three nationalistic campaigns namely, modernization, industrialization and an imperialistic militarism, which required an infinite source of natural resources to succeed. Late in the 19th century, Japan which was undergoing rapid industrialization and modernization realized that it needed to simulate Western nations to achieve significant success in its developing mainland1. The nation required a blend of two key drivers of Western economies to surge its economic aspirations; technology and capitalism. However, for Japan with its limited natural resources, capitalism dictated colonialism in order to furnish its needs for raw materials2. The country was further influenced into an imperialistic stance by its relatively hostile neighborhood featuring Russia and China and its inherent vulnerability considering its location3. The nation thus had no choice but to adopt an antagonistic policy for its neighbors. This policy dictated that the nation had to establish a palpable military to establish itself as one of the powers in Asia if not the sole power. The Japanese military evolved at a rapid pace just like its industries and added its materials’ demands to the already choked Japanese natural resource needs.

Paper on Achebe's Things Fall Apart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Paper on Achebe's Things Fall Apart - Essay Example Achebe’s novel seems to digress to understand the Okonkwo’s with the arrival of western missionaries’ gravity therefore; the viewer should see Okonkwo within his world’s context. Set in both the colonial and pre-colonial era, Things Fall Apart highlights differences between traditional African and Christian belief system. It depicts the lifestyle of the past traditional culture among the Nigerians and its clashes with the introduction of colonialism. It stars Okonkwo, a resilient who strived to renounce his unsuccessful father in character and way of living. Unoka who is the father of Okonkwo offered no attention to his family and he finally died poor leaving many debts to be paid while Okonkwo toiled to become a wealthy and powerful man among the people of his village as a leader, warrior and a wealthy and courageous traditionalist with three wives and had many children1. Due to these, qualities Okonkwo was elected to become the guardian of Ikemefuna. Ike mefuna is a boy given to Okonkwo by a neighbouring village, he lives in the hut of Okonkwo’s first wife, and he developed a close relationship with Okonkwo’s oldest son. ... When Okonkwo came back to Umofia, he revolted against destroying a local church. They were held prisoner by the white administration for a while and released after payment of a ransom. The native leaders felt humiliated and greatly insulted and brought up a great uprising. Well known as an adamant warrior, Okonkwo advocated for war against the whites killing a native messenger from the colonial administration2. Realising with despair that his community will not fight to protect themselves, he ultimately committed suicide rather than be tried in a foreign colonial court. It is against the traditions for an individual to commit suicide, thus in death, he ruined his reputation and legacy. This clearly shows how the political structure of the white men and the Africans vary as the white men had court system through which they ensured justice was done by having the grieved compensated by the trouble maker and did not allow the tit for tat approach used by the Africans. Mr Brown and Revere nd Smith are white missionaries who greatly affected Christianity to the people of Umuofia. Mr Brown was a western missionary who was succeeded by Reverend Smith in Umuofia. This happened as Okonkwo was away on exile, an exile that was brought unto his due to misfiring of his gun killing the son of the elder Ezendu during the Ezendu’s funeral. The exile was meted upon the Okonkwo family to appease the gods that were irritated by the death. Brown and Smith were marvelled at the acceptance of Christianity in the village. This was due to the equality gospel they preached. Among the traditions he was against were blatant killing of some of the villagers regarded them as outcasts. Smith was a critic of

The Validity of Recovered Memories Research Paper

The Validity of Recovered Memories - Research Paper Example However, the validity of such memories is often called into question. The argument over such memories is one of the most contested positions in psychology, sometimes even referred to as the â€Å"memory wars† (Campbell, 2003). Many researchers claim that these memories are false, even implanted by incompetent therapists, while therapists most often stand behind the claims of their patients. Looking into the controversy surrounding recovered memories versus false memories, the process of memory repression, and some of the implications brings us to a realization of just how widespread and important this debate can be. Recovered Memories vs False Memories Individuals who recovered memories in therapy and with the help of a therapist were often unsurprised to recover memories of childhood sexual abuse. However, spontaneously recovered memories often surprised those who gained these memories. More tellingly, spontaneously recovered memories and continuous memories, those that were never repressed and therefore never had to be recovered, were much more likely to be corroborated by physical evidence than memories recovered in therapy (Geraerts et al., 2007). This could indicate that the presence of the therapist pushed people into â€Å"recalling† situations of sexual abuse that never occurred because the therapist expected to find such memories. In opposition to the situation of coaxed-out memory under the control of a therapist for the first time since the event occurred, people who report such spontaneous memory recovery may actually have â€Å"recovered† and then forgotten the same memory numerous time. This does not invalidate the correctness of the memory; however, such repeated incidences of forgetting and remembering does indicate the possibility that the memory was never truly repressed under the same system that would be used for completely repressed memories that require a therapist's assistance to recover (Geraerts et al., 2009). Resea rch shows that memories of terrible events, including being the one to commit terrible crimes, can be created in the subject's mind from nothing, and researchers tend to believe that recovered memories are generally of this type. Therapists, however, are more inclined to believe that such vivid memories cannot be created wholesale and instead that recovered memories are memories of true events; they may understand the existence of false recovered memories but believe that the incidence is much lower than a researcher may believe (Davis & Loftus, 2009). Memories of events can also be altered or distorted by such experiences as leading questions, suggestions, and incorrect conversations with other witnesses of the same scene. Especially telling for the possibility of recovered memories involving childhood sexual abuse in research results is the possibility of remembering accomplices who weren't present during the original scenes. An additional research study on recovered memories resu lted in up to one-quarter of the subjects believing that they had been lost in the mall as small children, when that event was presented as part of a series of actual events. This was only done on subjects whose parents stated that such an event had never occurred, so there was little possibility of confusing an actual childhood memory with the memory created as part of the research (Laney &

Employee Monitoring at work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee Monitoring at work - Essay Example Video Surveillance. Employers use video surveillance to monitor their employees' behaviors. Some cameras are placed in open and noticeable areas, while others may be installed secretly so employees do not know they are present. Electronic Mail (e-mail) and Voice Mail Monitoring. Many employers monitor employees' e-mail and voice mail. E-mail provides options to employers to ask for "Receipt Request," "Priority Category" to see when employees use email, whether employees received the message, etc. Employers use many kinds of employee monitoring systems. They include electronic monitoring, computer monitoring, video surveillance, teams of investigators posing as friends, undercover operatives, spying, eavesdropping/wiretapping, electronic mail and voice mail monitoring, and active badge. The advantages to employees is objectivity, consistency, and accuracy in performance appraisal, feedback on work performance with the aim of improving work methods, and geographical and time flexibility by facilitating telecommunication and To the employees, the disadvantages are privacy invasion, discouragement of high quality work with the emphasis on speed and other quantitative measurements, and work stress resulting in health issues. To the emplo

Paths out of homelessness in chicago Research Paper

Paths out of homelessness in chicago - Research Paper Example These activities result in the migration of the population from rural to urban areas. This fact have caused the uncontrollable expansion of cities, this expansion has caused many environmental and social problems (Nese et al, 115). Locations in cities have a high level of accommodation and it holds the concentration of economic interests and activities. These structures are supported by transport systems. The larger the urban area the greater would be complexity and the potential of disturbances it is not carefully managed (McDonald et al, 342). One of the most important transport problems take place when the transport systems cannot satisfy the requirements of urban mobility for a variety of reasons, Urban productivity is entirely dependent on the transport system to move the goods and labour to multiple destinations. The highly considerable transport problems are traffic congestion and parking difficulties, this issue is the one of the most highly notable issue of the urban areas in the country. In order to analyze and carefully understand the transport system in the urban areas of the country the SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, Opportunities Threats) is needed and helpful to build key strategic to resolve issues and achieve the goals. It is the most recognizable and reliable tool for check and analysis of the overall strategic position of the business and its environment. The purpose of this analysis is to identify the strategies that will create a model for the firm specific business. The model will best support an organization’s resources and capabilities to the requirements of the environment in which the firm operates. To be precise and brief, this analysis helps for evaluating the internal limitations and potential and the likely opportunities and threats from the external environment. This analysis views all the positive and negative factors inside and

Employee Monitoring at work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Employee Monitoring at work - Essay Example Video Surveillance. Employers use video surveillance to monitor their employees' behaviors. Some cameras are placed in open and noticeable areas, while others may be installed secretly so employees do not know they are present. Electronic Mail (e-mail) and Voice Mail Monitoring. Many employers monitor employees' e-mail and voice mail. E-mail provides options to employers to ask for "Receipt Request," "Priority Category" to see when employees use email, whether employees received the message, etc. Employers use many kinds of employee monitoring systems. They include electronic monitoring, computer monitoring, video surveillance, teams of investigators posing as friends, undercover operatives, spying, eavesdropping/wiretapping, electronic mail and voice mail monitoring, and active badge. The advantages to employees is objectivity, consistency, and accuracy in performance appraisal, feedback on work performance with the aim of improving work methods, and geographical and time flexibility by facilitating telecommunication and To the employees, the disadvantages are privacy invasion, discouragement of high quality work with the emphasis on speed and other quantitative measurements, and work stress resulting in health issues. To the emplo

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Marketing Management - Essay Example It strengthens the retail distribution and it benefits the retailers in building strong store traffic and enhances the store image. However, over enthusiasm and wrong decisions can prove to be fatal to the brand and may fail to attract the customers. Brands are assets that are difficult to develop, maintain, and adapt. A brand goes beyond the name or a logo or a slogan. It is the customers’ perception of the stimulus when the brand is presented (Berry & Lampo, 2004). Brands are a manufacturer’s promise of quality to consumers. Brands function as insurance policies against the monetary and social/psychological losses facing the consumers when they purchase a product (DelVecchio, 2000). A brand is supposed to reduce risk and enhance the confidence of the consumer when he purchases a product. A consumer believes that when a company has undertaken to invest in a brand, the product would not be of inferior quality. Since they lack personal experience with the product, they go by the reputation of the brand name. It provides the customers with both observable and unobservable product attributes, reduces their anxiety and simplifies the shopping process (Srinivasan & Till, 2002). Brands names affect consumers’ perc eption about the product attributes in different ways. Brands reduce the perceived risks and the search cost for the consumers (Kayman & Arasli, 2007). When discussing about corporate brands, Aaker (2004), contends that brand plays the role of an endorser as in the case of Courtyard (by Marriott), MSN (by Microsoft), or Lion King (by Disney). The brand adds credibility to the products that reassures the buyer, especially when a new technology is involved. Corporate brands communicate the service quality as in the case of the Starwood brand which endorses several hotel chains – Westin, Sheraton, and St. Regis. In the hospitality industry brand owners can charge a premium price over rivals, they can maintain market share over rivals

Reward and punishment in Transactional Leadership

Reward and punishment in Transactional Leadership Transactional leadership is the reward and punishment thought social organizations. It is also the fundamental motivators of human behavior . It focuses on more of the personal side of the organizational the interactions, as well as vision, teamwork, values, development this things are the foundation of leadership. That help make up other styles of leadership. Transactional leadership was first described by Max Weber in 1947 and also by Bernard Bass in 1981. Transactional leadership theory developed by Weber and Bass later became part of a three style model . Bass believed each leader exhibited a style along a continuum and he later developed the Multifactor Leadership. The transactional leadership style developed by Bass is based on the hypothesis that followers are motivated through a system of rewards and punishment. The theory behind transformational leaders on the other hand is based on the hypothesis that leaders can exploit a need of the follower. These particular needs are no t based on quid pro quo transactions, but higher order needs. These needs are those of the total person and are closely aligned with the internal motivational factors of the follower. So at one end of the spectrum we have transactional leaders that are making many deals with those being led. On the other end of the spectrum weve got transformational leader that are looking to satisfy a greater need of an individual. The types of transactional leaders described by theorists include categories such as Opinion Leaders, Group Leaders, Governmental / Party Leaders, Legislative Leaders and Executive Leaders. If you think about these categories, you should have a greater appreciation for what makes the transactional leadership style tick. These are leaders we read about in the press all the time. They are constantly meeting new people, making deals (completing transactions) and moving on. In practice, there is sufficient truth in Behaviorism to sustain Transactional approaches. This is reinforced by the supply-and-demand situation of much employment, coupled with the effects of deeper needs, as in Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. When the demand for a skill outstrips the supply, then Transactional Leadership often is insufficient, and other approaches are more effective. When rewarding a subordinate, a transactional leader must create a clear structure of what is required of said worker when following orders. Alongside rewards, there should be a well understood formal system of discipline in place, although not always talked about. Often the transactional leader will work under the expectation that if something isnt broke, dont fix it. In other words, if a principle is operating to expectations, it doesnt warrant notice. Along with this is the expectation that anything above expectations merits praise and rewarding, and anything below expectations needs corrective action.. The type of leadership that is mostly found in the hospitality industry is transactional leadership, where as the manager is try to motivate the employees to be productive. When rewarding a subordinate (employee), a transactional leader must create a clear structure of what is required of said worker when following orders. Alongside rewards, there should be a well understood formal system of discipline in place, although not always talked about. The early stage of Transactional Leadership is in negotiating the contract whereby the subordinate (employee) is given a wage and other benefits by company. Burns studied Weber and reasoned that transactional leadership were like bureaucrats leadership. It is a since of power and control direct orders. Transactional leadership makes clear that what is required and expected from their subordinates. It also mentions that subordinates will get award if they follow the orders seriously. Sometimes punishments are not mentioned but they are understood. In the early stages of transactional leadership, subordinate is in the process of negotiating the contract. The contract specifies fixed salary and the benefits that will be given to the subordinate. Rewards are given to subordinates for applied effort. Some organization use incentives to encourage their subordinates for greater productivity. Transactional leadership is a way of increasing the performance of its subordinates by giving them r ewards. Transactional leadership is also called as true leadership style as it focuses on short term goals instead of long term goals. Transactional leadership has more of a telling style. Transactional leadership is based on the fact that reward or punishment is dependent on the performance. Even though researchers have highlighted its limitations, transactional leadership is still used by many employers. More and more companies are adopting transactional leadership to increase the performance of its employees. This approach is prevalent in real workplace. In Transactional leadership, when the leader assigns work to its subordinates, then it is the responsibility of the subordinate to see that the assigned task is finished on time. If the assigned task is not completed on time or if something then punishment is given for their failure. But if they accomplish the task in time then the subordinates are given reward for successfully completing the task. Subordinates are also given awa rd and praised for exceeding expectations. A subordinate whose performance is below expectation is punished and some action is taken to increase his or her performance. The main limitation of this leadership is that it assumes that people are largely motivated by simple rewards. Under transactional leadership, employees cant do much to improve job satisfaction. Transaction leadership has been ineffective in providing skilled employees to their organization. This style of leadership is least interested in changing the work environment. This leadership also assumes that when people agree to do a particular assignment, a part of that agreement is that they give up all authority to their boss. The leader holds control and power over the subordinates. The main goal of the employee is to obey the orders of their managers. The idea is that when a subordinate takes up a job, he or she agrees to obey their manager totally. The transaction is the money or any other award that the company pays to its subordinates for their compliance and effort. The relationship between the subordinate and the leader becomes transactional. In transactional leadership the leader has the right to punish his or her subordinates if their performance is not according to the predetermined standard. Leadership in organizations is important in shaping workers perceptions, responses to organizational change, and acceptance of innovations, such as evidence-based practices. Transformational leadership inspires and motivates followers, whereas transactional leadership is based more on reinforcement and exchanges. When the Transactional Leader allocates work to a subordinate, they are considered to be fully responsible for it, whether or not they have the resources or capability to carry it out. When things go wrong, then the subordinate is considered to be personally at fault, and is punished for their failure just as they are rewarded for succeeding. As a starting point, let us review our everyday life. In general, a relationship between two people is based on the level of exchange they have. Exchange need not be money or material; it can be anything. The more exchange they have the more stronger the relation. Your manager expects more productivity from you in order to give good rewards. In this way, if something is done to anyone based on the return then that relation is called as Transactional type. In politics, leaders announces benefits in their agenda in exchange to the vote from the citizens. In business, leaders announces rewards in turn to the productivity. These relation is all about requirements, conditions and rewards (or punishment). Leaders who show these kind of relationship are called transactional leadership. Within all of these theories, frameworks, and approaches to leadership, theres an underlying message that leaders need to have a variety of factors working in their favor. Effective leadership is not simply based on a set of attributes, behaviors, or influences. You must have a wide range of abilities and approaches that you can draw upon. How leaders behave impacts on their effectiveness. Researchers have realized, though, that many of these leadership behaviors are appropriate at different times. So, the best leaders are those who can use many different behavioral styles and use the right style for each situation. With this in mind, there are many different frameworks that have shaped our current understanding of leadership, and many of these have their place, just as long as theyre used appropriately. Transactional leadership was thought of by Max Weber. Weber was born in 1864 and died 1920. Weber was a bureaucracy and usually described as having believed that bureaucracy is the most efficient form of an organization . So, whether you manage a team at work, captain a sports team, or lead a major corporation, which approach is best? Consciously, or subconsciously, youll probably use some of the leadership styles in this article at some point. Understanding these styles and their impact can help you develop your own, personal leadership style and help you become a more effective leader The Leader subject to strict and systematic discipline and control in the conduct of the office. Claims to obedient based on rational values and rules and established agreement. The office holder restricted to impersonal official obligations and commands. Exercise authority. Each office holder office defined by Sphere of competence! Person does not owe Obedience to the individual, but to the Impersonal order! Rules regulate the conduct of an office! Complete separation of property belonging to the personal and to the organization! The leader subject to strict and systematic discipline and controlling the conduct office.

seatbelt :: essays research papers

Internet File Sharing and the Music Industry Imagine millions of songs accessible in one place. Today songs are just a few clicks away since the introduction of the internet and file sharing. File sharing is simply taking a file and allowing other internet users to download and use the file permanently. The accessibility and use of file sharing programs has devastated the music industry financially. The fact that almost every song recorded today is accessible through a free program encourages most consumers to download rather than buy. This is why illegal file sharing programs are driving the music industry’s profits down. The making of MP3’s allows internet users to share and distribute songs quickly and easily. The letters MP are short for MPEG, which stands for Moving Picture Experts Group. The 3 stands for the third compression method that Dr. Karlkeinz Brandenburg, at the Frainhofer Institute, developed. â€Å"Ripping† or â€Å"Burning† is taking an original song or songs from a CD or other music source and compressing it to the small MP3 format. This method ingeniously removes all of the sounds and frequencies that the human ear cannot hear to eventually end up with a file that is about one tenth of the original size yet lack no noticeable quality (PC Complete 688-693). Now that the file is compressed, it is ready to do many new things that it could not do before. One of these is to be transferred over the internet. The conflict that arises from this is when people compress copyrighted music into the MP3 format and make it available to anyone on the internet (PC Complete 694) . This is called â€Å"file sharing†, and it is a major topic of debate among the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), who seeks total control of its copyrighted material. The most popular form of exchanging music on the internet is known as file sharing. File sharing occurs after the music has been converted to smaller MP3 format. The smaller format allows the files to be downloaded, transferred, or copied in just a matter of seconds. The most popular file sharing program until a couple of years ago was Napster. Napster was a file sharing program that essentially gave birth to the file sharing industry. A federal lawsuit was filed against Napster for copyright violation. The federal court ruled Napster must remove any copyrighted material that had previously been available.

Breaking Society’s Rules :: Essays Papers

Breaking Society’s Rules American literature often examines people and motives. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter, and in Arthur Miller’s dramatic classic, The Crucible, people and motives often depict patterns of Puritans struggling for life during a precarious time. Guilt and shame can tear a person's soul away. The inevitable consequence of sin is the immediate reaction of guilt, shame, and remorse. For example: John Proctor, Elizabeth Proctor, and Reverend Dimmesdale have all committed a sin or sins and are feeling extremely guilty about it. They want to be forgiven, but they have no strength and are cowards. Forgiveness can only be obtained when these characters find the strength within themselves to speak the truth. The first to commit a sin is John Proctor, the husband of Elizabeth Proctor. John is a good man until Abigail Williams comes into his life. John lives in a house feeling empty and thinking his wife does not love him. Lust is a very powerful feeling, and it tempts John right into bed with Abigail. Unfortunately once he commits adultery, Elizabeth does not forgive him. She finds ways to punish John and make him feel more remorseful. For example, Reverend Hale asks John to recite the commandments, and he forgets one, Elizabeth then says sarcastically, â€Å"Adultery, John.† Elizabeth responds in such a manner that John feels overwhelming pain in his heart. Naturally, Elizabeth feels guilty as well. She tells John, â€Å"I have sins of my own to count. It needs a cold wife to prompt lechery.† Elizabeth feels as though she is to blame for John committing adultery. She is a mother and, of course, Elizabeth will be consumed with taking care of their children, cooking, cleaning, etc. At first, Elizabeth does not recognize John pulling away from her and turning towards Abigail. Soon after Elizabeth finds out John committed adultery with Abby, she fires her. Later on in the novel Elizabeth is accused of being a witch and John goes to court to prove Abigail is lying.

Computers in the Lives of People Essay

In modern times, technology has greatly affected how people live. The advancement of technology has brought great improvement to all sectors like business, medicine, entertainment and a lot more. It is undeniable that it has increased productivity and efficiency in how people work. One of the vital products of technology is the computer. It is very evident how computers changed the way of life. Work becomes easier with the help of the computers. Data and information can be stored easily. Large numbers can be calculated and can be accounted immediately. Instant communication is possible through electronic mails. Research is easier and faster with the help of the computer. There is also an easy access for all business transactions. Computers play a significant role in the school system as well. They help students to learn more efficiently and help them do their work. Computers offer the Internet which help students research information for projects they may have. School computers also offer programs which can help anyone learn. Computers have proven extremely beneficial to students with certain speech, audio, and motor limitations. Students with special needs can use alternative input and output devices to interact with computers and do things that they normally could not accomplish independently. Further, computers also make writing and doing homework easier to complete. With spell check and other spelling tools, it makes it easier and faster to complete work. This is because you are not spending all your time going through your homework looking for spelling mistakes, because the computer automatically does it for you, making your life easier. These are just few of the reasons why computers are very important to us. On the other hand using computers has several disadvantages. The screens destroy eyes even with a low radiation screen. Many people complain for that issue, because then they have to pay for oculists and wear glasses. And students also skip studying and got a low grade. The research project aims to know the advantages and disadvantages of computers in Health and Studies.

Integration and Disintegration: Indians in South Africa Essay

The story of Indians in South Africa is both a story of integration and disintegration into the national space. The processes and patterns of integration and disintegration of Indian community as a minority ethnicity is closely linked to the larger reality of South African freedom struggle and the subsequent efforts of building the new nation of South Africa as a post-apartheid democracy. On the other hand, it is important to remember that the very existence of Indians in South Africa itself is a result of the colonisation of South Africa. It is through the protracted decolonization process of South Africa, the Indian community too got assimilated into the national space. Struggles against both racism and colonisation have played an important role bringing the Indians and the black natives together in their fight against the white colonial masters. The purpose of the essay is to provide an overview of the experiences of Indians in South Africa and their participation in the nation building with special reference to the post-1994 period of democratic development. The Indian Community and the ‘New’ South Africa It is the British colonial rule in nineteenth and early twentieth century that catalysed the Indian immigration to South Africa. Therefore, the Indian community in South Africa includes people from countries such as Pakistan and Bangladesh as well since they were part of India until Indian independence. There are other cleavages in the Indian community in South Africa as they are divided in the lines of religion, caste and language. Obviously, the idea of an Indian community in South Africa is essentially problematic due to the extreme heterogeneity within the Indian diasporas. However, it is still possible to identify Indian South Africans as a racially distinct group. Ironically, even there is no consensus in the very way for the Indians in South Africa to be addressed. According to Singh, â€Å"people of Indian origin varyingly refer to themselves in one of three classificatory ways: ‘South Africans’, ‘Indian South Africans’ or ‘South African Indians† (2008, p. ). It is just a reflection of the openness of identity against the idea of identity as a closed concept. The Indians in South Africa are originated from the diverse regions of colonial India, including today’s Pakistan and Bangladesh. Hindi, Tamil, Gujarati, Telugu and Urdu are the major languages spoken by the Indians in South Africa. They also follow different religions such as Christianity, Hinduism and Islam besides their particular individualist beliefs. Within South Africa, Indians have the highest concentration in Durban. In the beginning, it is the â€Å"the development of the sugar industry in Natal necessitated the immigration of indentured labourers to South Africa in the 1860s† (Jithoo, 1991, p. 344). If they were mainly from South India, then came the ‘free’ Indians from Gujarat after 1874, who were largely into business and commerce. Hofmeyr has pointed out that even a single religious group like the â€Å"South African Hindu community is concentrated in four linguistic groups, these being the Gujarat, Hindi, Tamil, and Telugu. As in India, each has its favoured system of religious ritual, belief, and literature† (1982, p. 139). The processes of modernization has changed the nature of the identity formation of these groups; although, it has not altered the internal diversity of Indian community in South Africa. And, as a minority within the new nation of South Africa, processes of globalisation and trans-nationalisation too have started marking their influence on the (re)definition of the identities of South African Indians. It is important to note that identity building among any community, especially among the Indians in South Africa is an ongoing process shaped by multiple factors and largely amenable to (shifts in) historical processes. Identity is revealed at first through self classification and self reference. Importantly, classificatory references are â€Å"politically loaded, for historical reasons, in that they demonstrate the individuals’ affinity or lack of it either to India or to South Africa. When a person makes reference to being ‘South African’, ‘Indian South African’ or ‘South African Indian’, they are usually making a statement about how they wish to be seen in the context of their personal beliefs and identity formation† (Singh, 2008, p. 5-6). As a subject race, in the apartheid times, the South African Indians defined themselves against the master race of whites and placed themselves adjacent to the social position(ing) of blacks and other natives. However, at present, South African Indians are seeing themselves distinct from the blacks and complains that the state which is dominated by the blacks discriminating them for not being black enough. However, it is not fair to undermine the complexities involved in â€Å"the dynamics of the cultural politics that is inherent within the heterogeneous population of Indian origin† (Singh, 2008, p. ). The fluidity of the identity of the Indians in South Africa resist any idea of total classifications and binaries as â€Å"such categorizations are broad based and tend to ignore the dynamics of regional, religious and linguistically based politics that are intrinsic to the politics of belonging among Indians overseas† (Singh, 2008, p. 6). The crucial point is that India ns in their huge diversity are (being) differently integrated into the South African democratic space of post-apartheid era. For instance, it has been argued that â€Å"the ‘high caste’ Gujarati speaking Muslim household of passenger origin, differs from the ‘low caste’ Tamil speaking Hindu household of indentured origin† ( Jithoo, 1991, p. 347). The very invention of racial categories in the South Africa was induced by the early decades of twentieth century by the British rule. To perpetrate the colonial rule, in this period, â€Å"formal distinctions were introduced among Whites, Bantus (Africans), Indians/ Asians, and Colored† (Mabokela, 2001, p. 205). From this point, the practice of racial segregation acquired a new momentum as it was put into legislation by the National party’s implementation of apartheid system. Extreme forms of racial segregation were integrated into the education policy and education system. it has been argued that â€Å"the Bantu Education Act of 1953 created a hypersegregated education system, mandating a different system of education for each racial group in the nation. In accordance with apartheid ideology and policies, White students received the best academic training, followed by that for Indians, Coloreds, and last, Africans. Although Africans have comprised the majority, about three-fourths, of the South African population, they historically have received the smallest share of educational resources compared to Whites, who comprise 15% of the total population; Coloreds, who make up less than a tenth (7%); and Indians, who comprise about 3%† (Mabokela, 2001, p. 206). Until the independence in 1994 and the subsequent election of African National Congress, the black majority had very limited access to education in comparison to all other social groups in South Africa. Importantly, Indians got access to compulsory education in the 1980s itself. It has been noted by many theorists that the ethnic roots of Indian South Africans are often revoked and mobilised by the competitive democratic environment of post 1994 period. At present Indian ethnic minorities have a tendency to juxtapose themselves with Whites for a number of reason such as â€Å"affirmative action in employment and the rapid escalation of violent crime are widely seen in racialized terms- especially in the sense that Africans are viewed as the culprits and Indians and Whites as the victims† (Singh, 2008, p. ). It means that the Indian perception of being part of the majority of blacks gives way to the new perception of being part of white minority. This is the disintegration of Indian community from the Black majority and re-integration to the white minority national space. Moreover, Jithoo (1991) has argued that the Indian community in South Africa has undergone tremendous inte rnal changes related to joint family structures and the caste institution which in turn is reflected in their relations to the external world. The infamous Group Areas Act (1950) was central to defining the Indian family structures as it involved many restrictions such as compulsory segregation on them. Although a minority, the Indian community cannot be termed as less privileged, especially in comparison to the black majority in the sphere of education. It is true that Indian community were as oppressed and exploited by the white apartheid regime but the point is that they enjoyed a relatively better position than the black majority. Lindsay has noted that, even after the end of apartheid, â€Å"the presence of â€Å"Blacks† (African, Indians/Asians, and colored groups) and women of all races and ethnicities in South African universities as students, faculty, and professionals is still limited in various disciplines, faculties and administrative areas† (1997, p. 522). Although classified into a single group for the purpose of affirmative action policies, it is a matter of fact that Indians are far advantaged in terms of education in South Africa than Blacks and Coloured people. It can be well argued that â€Å"education was the institutional mechanism set in motion, maintained and secured by the apartheid government to control the black majority economically, politically, and socially† (Lindsay, 1997, p. 522). If the secondary school enrolment of black Africans 1 in 5 in the period of 1969 to 1989, it was 1 in 2. 6 for the Indians in the same period. At the sphere of education, it indicates that the position of the Indians were as twice as better of the Blacks Africans until 1994 free election. The present non- juxtaposing of Indian community with the black Africans and the tensions arise from it are thus deeply rooted in the historical reality of segregated nation building of South Africa. It is one of the peculiarity of the South African reality that still a number of groups or members of particular group do not identify themselves simply as South Africans. Apparently, a recent survey shows that â€Å"although South Africans are increasingly identifying as ‘South Africans’, 36% still identify as ‘African’, black, white, coloured, Indian, Zulu, Xhosa, English or whatever† (de Jongh, 2006, p. 5). It means that the South African national identity is still relatively weak with relations to strong racial and ethnic identities. On the other hand, it does not mean there is a necessary tension between such a racial or communitarian indemnification and modern national identification. It could be especially the case of Indian ethnic minorities than other racial groups as the Afrobarometer 2000 survey shows that â€Å"only Indians listed racial identities more frequently than nonracial ones (61% naming a racial identity). The other three groups predominantly gave nonracial responses (Africans identified racially 30% of the time; whites, 12%; and coloureds, 45%)† (Ferree, 2006, p. 807). It also point fingers to the (possible) disintegration of Indian community from the New South Africa. Also, Indian community has most profound distrust of the economic polices of the black Africans led government as they perceive them as favouring the blacks vis-a-vis the Indians. Obviously, the foundations of legitimacy of the state with relations to the Indian community have been weakened in an unprecedented manner. It is also important to note that Indians largely perceive the African National Congress as an African party. It has affected the political legitimisation process of the new South Africa as well. Conclusion The very idea of South African Indians itself is problematic as the Indian community in is heterogeneous in multiple ways. Even as an ethnic minority, they are internally diverse with reference to religion, region, language and self reference. Importantly the groups within the Indian community in South Africa are not similarly integrated into the South African national space. The integration of diverse groups within the Indian community is different in both quantity and quality. The fluidity of the identities of South African Indians is well expressed in the fact that they tend to revive and reconstitute their identities and belongings with relations to the prevailing social, political, and economic conditions. The changing social, political, cultural and economic conditions in South Africa have led the Indian community to identify themselves with the whites as a fellow minority community. This disintegration from the black majority cannot be perceived as disintegration from the South African national space.

Ebook Operations Management Essay

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Journal from Reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Journal from Reading - Essay Example It can also mean that the social worker, reviewing her clients’ affairs, comes to the conclusion that there is something structurally amiss at the workplace and that something must fundamentally change in the company’s organization if systematic absenteeism is to be further prevented. The aim is always to help clients to help themselves, to develop new prospects for the future or to simply accept a reality that is difficult to alter.† (p. 141) In order for a social worker to be successful in her career, her broad knowledge of various organizational and networking systems that provide support and services to their clients must be matched with her own vast understanding of how a person’s mind and emotions operate especially in times of crisis. Most of the time, counseling sessions are conducted with her client, or members of her client’s family. Here, the social worker’s communication skills are put to the test. â€Å"In conversations with the professional, clients speak out about their pains and sorrows, and about their hope and beliefs.† (Van Nijnatten, 2006, p.133) It becomes an avenue where both the social worker and the client brainstorm on ways to express these emotions so they construct new meanings and new perspectives. Coming from an objective frame of mind, the social worker helps the client distance himself to the concern at hand and explains that such overwhelming emotions that the cl ient is undergoing are normal and can cite cases of others who have survived through the same. Then ways to resolve the problem are discussed. In my current studies in Social Work, I realized that various clinical approaches have been developed by renowned psychologists and the social worker has a plethora of choices to use in a particular casework. One is the Task-Centered Model. In this model, the client is expected to carry out some tasks

Domestic Violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Domestic Violence - Essay Example Ironically, one in six women who experience abuse report that they were abused when they were pregnant. Pregnancy is believed to be â€Å"a common trigger of domestic violence† (BabyCenter, 2012). According to Gazmararian et al (2000), violence from an abusive partner during pregnancy is more common than pregnancy-induced hypertension, placenta previa, and gestational diabetes. The number of pregnant women subject to violence in the United States ranges from 156, 000 to 332, 000 annually (Gazmararian et al, 2000). Up to one fifth of deaths related to pregnancy have been found to result from murder (Horon & Cheng, 2001). Violence during pregnancy is a form of Intimate Partner Violence or IBV. The latter has been defined as either physical or sexual violence or violence threat, as well as emotional abuse (psychological abuse) or coercive behaviour when the physical or sexual behaviour between partners has already taken place (Bloom, Bullock, Sharps, Laughon, and Parker, 2010). I t has been observed that intimate partner violence consists of coercive and assaulting behaviours demonstrated by that partner who wants to control the other. In particular, these behaviours include inflicting physical injuries, abusing the partner emotionally and sexually, intimidation, isolation, stalking, deprivation, and threats (Family Violence Prevention Fund, 2004 in Bloom, Bullock, Sharps, Laughon, and Parker, 2010). Health consequences of violence during pregnancy affect both mothers and children (foetuses). One of the most dramatic outcomes is miscarriage. Miscarriages take away lives of mothers together with foetuses or just foetuses. Statistically, direct assaults increase the probability of lethal... This paper stresses that physical reactions in children that stem from constant stress include headaches, rashes, asthma, constipation, developmental delays, ulcers, problems of hearing and speech, and pain in the abdomen. Babies have been found to have attachment problems, while preschoolers are especially subject to worry, sleeping problems, and nightmares. Adolescents who grew up in abusive environments demonstrate increased violence. Their behavior gets aggressive and disruptive; girls become withdrawn, anxious, passive, and clinging. Children may also have impaired concentration and often demonstrate poorer academic skills. According to recent research, those children who grew in abusive homes are more likely to become alcoholics, drug abusers, and smokers. Besides, they are more prone to such diseases as skeletal fractures, ischemic heart disease, and cancer in adulthood. In terms of mental health, such children are likely to grow into adults subject to depression, with low-est eem, and anxiety disorders. This report mmakes a conclusion that nurses need to get actively involved into solving problems related to domestic violence both through prevention, treatment, and psychological support of victims. It is important to develop an adequate knowledge base of various aspects of domestic violence. Importantly, nurses should be able to proficiently identify and assess victims’ physical and mental conditions, and intervene through support, information sharing, and treatment.

The Red Tent, by Anita Diamant Personal Statement

The Red Tent, by Anita Diamant - Personal Statement Example After finding shelter in Egypt, she delivers her son and realizes that her family has lost all accounts of her The Red Tent is a great novel anyone who tries to gain a better understanding of a female’s perspective from an older generation standpoint. It outlines the difficulty of young women, who undergoes drastic life experiences as she witnesses her husband getting murdered. One of the most essential themes that are explicitly emphasized upon is the fact of that she is engrossed in all her memories. Dinah is almost forced to narrate her story from the fear that she will not ever remember these memories. Undoubtedly, these memories are critical towards her life experience. From my perspective, the author is trying to insist on the fact that our life experiences are critical as they are associated with memories. Without having these experiences, humans cannot fully develop their personalities. Another theme that is emphasized in this novel is the ability to heal. Clearly, humans are sensitive creatures that possess and experience strong emotions. Dinah witnesses her husband getting m urdered. In addition, she was also raped. Both of these incidents are traumatic as they can impact any individual dramatically. However, she is able to recuperate through time and patience. Her son is the hallmark of her striving to exist even when her life is shattered with these events. Anita Diamant, in this novel undoubtedly shows the futile superiority of men and portrays the strength that a woman must possess even after she experiences life changing events. She is clear to capture the essence of feminism in her novel through Dinah and shows the qualities that women possess that make them beautiful, sensitive

Project Evaluation Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Evaluation - Math Problem Example The other option that Salsbury has is to open a health and fitness complex and it has a NPV of ?700,000. Furthermore, the report justifies the technique that has been used in order to evaluate the project by comparing it with other project evaluation techniques such as Accounting Rate of Return and Profitability Index. Moreover, the report then discusses other factors that the organization needs to consider while making the investment decision. ANALYSING THE FEASIBILITY OF THE PROJECT Net present value (NPV) is the technique that has been used to analyze the feasibility of the project. NPV shows the net future cash flows of the project after being discounted with the discount rate so that the present value or present worth of the cash flows can be calculated (McLaney, 2009). In the appendix 1 of the report, the forecasted cash flows for the 10 years are calculated and net present value of these cash flows are calculated with the discount rate of 14%. ... is higher than health and fitness complex, therefore the management should invest in opening a retail store than the health and fitness complex as it has higher NPV and projects with higher NPV should be accepted (Jensen, 2001). JUSTIFICATION ABOUT THE METHOD USED TO EVALUATE THE PROJECT The management has used Net Present Value method to evaluate whether the project is feasible or not. Although there are different project appraisal techniques such as Accenting Rate of Return (ARR), Payback Period, Profitability Index, Benefit to Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal Rate of Return and discounted payback period etc. However, the report discusses two of these techniques; ARR ad Profitability Index and compares these two techniques with NPV and justifies why NPV is a good method used to evaluate the feasibility of the project. NPV and Accounting Rate of Return Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) is the average return that the project would yield throughout its time period (Gitman, 2003). It can be ca lculated using the formula below: By using the above formula, ARR of the project is 27.24% It is better to use NPV than Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) as the NPV discounts the future cash flows whereas the ARR does not consider the time value of money. Therefore it is better for the management to use NPV as it will show the real value or worth of the project by considering the discount rate and even inflation rate but these rates are not considered by using the ARR. NPV and Profitability Index The other method that has been used to evaluate the feasibility of the project is the profitability index. Profitability index is calculated by following formula: The formula shows that profitability index considers the time value of money which accounting rate of return does not. Therefore it

Contemporary Issues in Management Accounting Assignment

Contemporary Issues in Management Accounting - Assignment Example The Balanced Scorecard was referred to as a means to illustrate the "cause and effect relationship of strategic objectives" (Creelman & Makhijani, 2011). Next is the behavioral aspect of budgeting, which has been considered a relevant component to the study of organizational behavior. In conclusion, it has been claimed that the ABC, the balanced scorecard, and the behavioral aspects of budgeting are useful in todays modern business environment. As a recommendation, it has been proposed that a broader and continuous research be conducted to allow the evolution of management accounting. The report intends to present a brief view of the changes brought by the evolution of management accounting research to modern industrial management. Furthermore, it also aims to examine the impact of these significant changes to the administration of modern business or modern industrial management. To provide an idea of the areas focused by researchers in the field of management accounting, it will tackle three relevant topics covered by management accounting research such as the ABC (Activity Based Costing), the Balanced Scorecard, and the Behavioral Aspects of Budgeting. These topics will then be explored in relation to modern industrial management or modern business. The present methods applied in management accounting are being rooted from those applied by people in the past. Understanding the distant origins of these techniques is necessary in order for one to appreciate the use of such methods in todays modern world. The study of accounting has always been considered difficult and arduous. It is one challenging aspect of business that requires research for its continuous improvement (Argenti, 2002, p.172). Hence, a conscious effort also has to be made to understand the beginnings of management accounting (Porter & Ross, 2003, p.566). For over twenty years, management accounting research has evolved

Incendiary Fire Analysis and Investigation Essay Example for Free

Incendiary Fire Analysis and Investigation Essay The significance of the damages and losses brought by fire incidents is beyond any expression of human measurement, thus, the fire responders and investigators are always tasked with challenging accountability that begins from the incidence response to the cause investigation. The fire needs to be extinguish, not only to prevent further damages to the property and protect the victims lives, but also to protect the integrity of the evidences that will be use to understand the root cause of the incident, as some fire investigation escalates to civil or criminal charges. While the fire department’s investigation results are assisting the judiciary of the government to conclude the issues brought by the parties involved, the jurys decision is equally improving the fire departments standards and practices towards these incidents, from the initial response to complex forensic investigations. The prevention of the tragedy, though exigent in nature, is the goal and hope of every party involved, even the fire department. The paper discusses the laws and different court rulings that affect the fire response and investigation procedures. It particularly discusses the analysis and investigation methodology employed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology over the collapse of the New York’s 7 World Trade Center in September 11, 2001, including the investigation results and the responses of the government and other interested bodies from the investigation results. Laws and Court Rulings Related to Fire Investigation and Analysis The scope analysis of the Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution during several court proceedings has found its way to fire incidents and investigations that happened in the past. These amendments have been applied to the responses and investigations of succeeding fire incidents. Among the amendments are the following: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fourth Amendment Governing all searches and seizures of person or of property, this amendment of the Constitution, states that any search or seizure must have a probably cause and must have a support of oath or affirmation about the details of the search or seizure. (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2002) While the Fourth Amendment limits the authority of the government over the privacy of the citizen, including his or her properties, even at any cases of emergency, the Fire Department response team are excluded from this law, only during these emergency, better termed as exigent circumstances; thus the responders and investigator are allowed to enter the private premises without any warrant. The exigent circumstance exception spans from the actual response time of the Fire Department until the cause investigation. In 1978, during the Michigan v. Tyler case, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled out that the fire department, even without search warrant, has the authority to enter, and remain on, the property under the exigent circumstances until the emergency is over, and even after the fire has been extinguish, within a reasonable time.   (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2002). The Fire Department was given this exception, not only to prevent further loss or damage of life and property, and to determine the cause or origin of the incident, but also to prevent damages to the, or protect the, integrity of the evidences that will be used to understand the cause and origin of the fire incident (Herrera, 2003). While this exception is seemingly advantageous for the   fire responders and investigators, fire departments accountability over this kind of emergencies, and even during the cause analysis and investigations, becomes heavier. The pressure for the fire department comes by controlling the fire intrinsically, for even with the yellow fire tape all ready set up, the emotions, intentions and reactions of other people over this kind of scenario could have significant, and sometimes unexpected, effects as revealed during past fire investigations and court proceedings. The media, the victims, and the other civilians within and near the scene are some of the additional factors that the fire responders need to control. For the involvement of the media in fire incidents, according to the twenty   two year veteran of San Diego Fire Department, Fred Herrera, â€Å"The courts have not defined a clear-cut answer that covers all of the contingencies involved. Differing opinions have occurred at all judicial levels and vary widely from state to state.† In 1999, during the the Wilson v. Layne, the Alabama Supreme court ruled out that the media who accompanied a federal marshal with an arrest warrant violated the Fourth Amendment, while, the Florida Supreme Court ruled out, during the Florida Publishing Co. v. Fletcher, in   1976,   decided that the photographer ride along of a fire marshal into a fire scene did not illegally enter a property (Herrera, 2003). 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fifth Amendment Best known as pleading the fifth, this amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects the suspects from self incrimination, thus giving possible immunity to uncover the cause of, say, incendiary fire incidents (Head). Although during the court proceedings for the Lionti v. Lloyd’s Insurance Co. case, in 1983, where an employee, who allegedly had arguments with the employer, whose business was in financial crisis (the arguments were used as the probably cause for the alleged arson), invoked the Fifth Amendment right to remain silent, the jury still found the employer’s right of no heavy significance to reach the court ruling, since the court favored the testimony of one of the investigators hired by the insurance company. The private investigator testified that the suspected arsonist, the employee, had told the investigator, outside the courtroom, how the employer was suggested by the same employee how to set up the arson (Murphy, 2007). It is true that the Fifth Amendment could be used as a shield for the suspects or anyone in the courtroom, but the counsel nor the investigators should not lose the resources to dig into the truth behind the fire incidents, for that matter. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sixth Amendment Stating the privilege of a citizen to speedy trial, not in shady manner, including the right to have of counsel from an attorney, and the accused’s right to face the prosecuting witness, this amendments sometimes puts the fire responders and investigators into the test of professionalism and integrity. The fire department’s investigation results will define if a case should be filed, and if so, it will also dictate if the case should be civil or criminal, in nature. From the same report, will the actions of the involved party will be based. In some instances, a third party investigation is being hired to gather more information. For the proceedings of possible arson, the fire responders and investigators would normally be invited to testify their finding before the court. Importance of Fire Analysis and Investigation While for the victims, the extent of the damages and losses due to fire incident cannot be equated to any monetary value, as what is usually being broad-casted on TV, for the fire responders and investigator who acted on those situations, the incidence can equally be life changing. Several court proceedings related to incendiary fire has proven the sensitivity of any actions, from all the parties involved. A veteran of this field can never let his or her guard off to control the situation for all the accountability at hand. It is true that when emergency cases happen, it can no longer be avoided, for the very nature and definition of it, but the lessons from these situations are what the fire investigations aim for. Not only the citizen, but also the government and private companies, depends on the information from these investigations, for learning the root cause of the fire incident is vital formulate actions and countermeasures that will lessen the possibility of the incident from happening.